Schottky barrier diode

ABSTRACT

A Schottky barrier diode includes a first semiconductor layer having depressions on a top surface thereof, and having a guard ring extending from the top surface to an inner position of the first semiconductor layer, the guard ring including portions arranged with the depressions interposed therebetween when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the top surface; the diode further includes an insulation layer having portions arranged with the depressions interposed therebetween when viewed in the perpendicular direction, a first metal layer extending as bridging inside and outside of the depressions and the insulation layer, the first metal layer having a first end on the insulation layer, and a second metal layer formed on the first metal layer and having a second end on the insulation layer, the second end being flush with the first end.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 14/148,461,filed on Jan. 6, 2014, and allowed on Aug. 31, 2017, which is acontinuation of application Ser. No. 13/182,164, filed on Jul. 13, 2011(now U.S. Pat. No. 8,624,347, issued on Jan. 7, 2014). Furthermore, thisapplication claims the benefit of priority of Japanese application No.2010-159814 filed on Jul. 14, 2010. The disclosures of these prior U.S.and Japanese applications are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a Schottky barrier diode.

Description of Related Art

A Schottky barrier diode includes a semiconductor layer and a Schottkymetal in contact with the semiconductor layer. A Schottky barrier isformed at an interface of the semiconductor layer and the Schottkymetal. A plurality of structural examples of Schottky barrier diodes aredisclosed a Japanese Patent No. 3691736. The structural examples to becompared with the invention of the present application are as follows. Afirst structural example (FIG. 11A of the Japanese Patent No. 3691736)is called a planar type and a Schottky metal is formed on a flat topsurface of a semiconductor layer. A second structural example (FIG. 11Cof the Japanese Patent No. 3691736) is called a trench diffusion typeand columnar impurity diffusion layers are formed at intervals inside asemiconductor layer and a Schottky metal is formed on a top surface ofthe semiconductor layer. A Schottky junction is formed between thesemiconductor layer top surface and the Schottky metal outside regionsof the impurity diffusion layers (outside trenches). A third structuralexample (FIG. 2 of the Japanese Patent No. 3691736) is called a trenchMOS type and an oxide film is formed on inner walls of trenches formedat intervals in a top layer portion of the semiconductor layer andpolysilicon is embedded inside the trenches so as to contact the oxidefilm. A Schottky metal is formed to contact the polysilicon and thesemiconductor layer outside the trenches. A Schottky junction is aninterface of the semiconductor layer top surface and the Schottky metaloutside the trenches.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

With all of the arrangements disclosed in the Japanese Patent No.3691736, the Schottky junction surface is small in area and it is thusdifficult to increase a rated current or to decrease a forward voltage(VF).

More specifically, with the planar type Schottky barrier diode, the areaof the Schottky junction surface must be made large to make a largecurrent flow. However, chip size must be enlarged for this purpose andthus a Schottky barrier diode that is compact and high in rated currentcannot be realized. The same problem is faced when the forward voltageis to be decreased in the planar type Schottky barrier diode because thearea of the Schottky junction surface must be increased in this case aswell.

In the case of the trench diffusion type and trench MOS type Schottkybarrier diodes, the Schottky junction surface is formed on thesemiconductor layer top surface outside the trenches. An even largerchip size than that required with the planar type Schottky barrier diodeis thus required in order to increase the area of the Schottky junctionsurface.

The present invention thus provides a Schottky barrier diode with whichthe area of the Schottky junction surface can be increased even with asmall chip size.

The above and yet other objects, features, and effects of the presentinvention shall be made clearer by the following description of thepreferred embodiments with reference to the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view, partially broken away and viewedfrom obliquely above, of a Schottky barrier diode according to apreferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of the Schottky barrier diode shownin FIG. 1.

FIG. 2A is a partial sectional view of a detailed arrangement example ofan anode electrode.

FIG. 3A is a schematic sectional view of principal portions of theSchottky barrier diode showing a state where a forward bias is applied,and FIG. 3B is a schematic sectional view of the principal portions ofthe Schottky barrier diode showing a state where a reverse bias isapplied.

FIG. 4A is a schematic sectional view of principal portions of a planartype diode according to a Comparative Example 1 showing a state where aforward bias is applied, and FIG. 4B is a schematic sectional view ofthe principal portions of the planar type diode showing a state where areverse bias is applied.

FIG. 5A is a schematic sectional view of principal portions of a trenchMOS type diode according to a Comparative Example 2 showing a statewhere a forward bias is applied, and FIG. 5B is a schematic sectionalview of the principal portions of the trench MOS type diode showing astate where a reverse bias is applied.

FIG. 6A is a schematic sectional view of principal portions of a trenchdiffusion type diode according to a Comparative Example 3 showing astate where a forward bias is applied, and FIG. 6B is a schematicsectional view of the principal portions of the trench diffusion typediode showing a state where a reverse bias is applied.

FIG. 7A is a schematic sectional view of principal portions of theSchottky barrier diode shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 7B shows a structure wherea trench width in FIG. 7A is increased. FIG. 7C shows a structure wherea trench interval (pitch) in FIG. 7A is widened. FIG. 7D shows astructure where the trench interval in FIG. 7A is narrowed.

FIG. 8A is a schematic perspective view, partially broken away andviewed from obliquely above, of a Schottky barrier diode according to afirst modification example.

FIG. 8B is a schematic perspective view, partially broken away andviewed from obliquely above, of a Schottky barrier diode according to asecond modification example.

FIG. 8C is a schematic perspective view, partially broken away andviewed from obliquely above, of a Schottky barrier diode according to athird modification example.

FIG. 8D is a schematic perspective view, partially broken away andviewed from obliquely above, of a Schottky barrier diode according to afourth modification example.

FIG. 8E is a schematic perspective view, partially broken away andviewed from obliquely above, of a Schottky barrier diode according to afifth modification example.

FIG. 8F is a schematic perspective view, partially broken away andviewed from obliquely above, of a Schottky barrier diode according to asixth modification example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A Schottky barrier diode according to a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention includes a semiconductor layer having a plurality oftrenches formed by digging in from a surface and having mesa portionsformed between adjacent trenches, and a Schottky metal formed to contactthe surface of the semiconductor layer including inner surfaces of thetrenches.

With the present arrangement, the plurality of trenches are formed in atop layer portion of the semiconductor layer and the Schottky metalcontacts the surface of the semiconductor layer including the innersurfaces of the trenches. An area of a Schottky junction surface canthereby be made greater than an apparent area of the top surface of thesemiconductor layer in plan view as viewed downward along a direction ofa normal to the top surface of the semiconductor layer. That is, theSchottky junction surface can be formed on the inner surfaces of thetrenches and the top surface of the semiconductor layer outside thetrenches (top surfaces of the mesa portions). A total of these areas isgreater than the apparent area of the semiconductor layer in plan view.A Schottky barrier diode having a Schottky junction surface with a largearea can thereby be realized even with a small chip size. Consequently,a Schottky barrier diode of high rated current or a Schottky barrierdiode of low forward voltage can be realized with a small chip size.

Also, a depletion layer that spreads from the Schottky junction surfaceis thick at the mesa portions formed between adjacent trenches and isthin near bottom portions of the trenches. The thick depletion layernear the mesa portions contributes to reduction in leak current duringreverse bias application.

Preferably, the Schottky metal contacts the surface of the semiconductorlayer at the inner surfaces of the trenches and outside the trenches.Also, preferably, the Schottky metal covers entireties of the innersurfaces of the trenches and extends continuously outside the trenches.

Preferably, each of the mesa portions has a width of 0.2 μm to 1.0 μm.The width of a mesa portion corresponds to an interval between trenches.When the interval between trenches is wide, the depletion layer at themesa portion stays within a region inside the mesa portion. In thiscase, the depletion layer near the trench bottom portions is thin andthe leak current during reverse biasing may be high near the trenchbottom portions. Further, the increase in the area of the Schottkyjunction surface is low and the amount of reduction in the forwardvoltage is low. On the other hand, if the interval between trenches isnarrow, the depletion layer at the mesa portion spreads to regionsoutside the mesa portion and the depletion layer near the trench bottomportions thickens. Although the leak current during reverse biasing canthereby be suppressed, effects of current increase and forward voltagereduction are decreased because a serial resistance of each trenchbottom portion increases. Thus, by setting the width of each mesaportion (the interval between trenches) in a range of 0.2 μm to 1.0 μm,the depletion layer can be made to have a thickness of appropriate valuenear the trench bottom portions. Specifically, in comparison to a planartype Schottky barrier diode of the same chip size, a larger current canbe made to flow, the forward voltage can be decreased, and the reverseleak current can be suppressed to a similar level.

Preferably, each of the trenches has a depth of 0.1 μm to 1.0 μm. If thetrenches are deep, the depletion layer at the mesa portions does notreadily fill the mesa portions and the depletion layer is thin at thetrench bottom portions. If the trenches are shallow, the depletion layerof the mesa portions readily fills the mesa portions and spreads toregions outside the mesa portions and thus the depletion layer is thickat the trench bottom portions. Thus, by setting the trench depth in arange of 0.1 μm to 1.0 μm, the depletion layer can be made to have athickness of appropriate value near the trench bottom portions.Specifically, in comparison to the planar type Schottky barrier diode ofthe same chip size, a larger current can be made to flow, the forwardvoltage can be decreased, and the reverse leak current can be suppressedto a similar level.

Preferably, a ratio of the mesa portion width with respect to the trenchdepth (mesa portion width/trench depth) is 0.2 to 10. The depletionlayer can thereby be made to have a thickness of appropriate value nearthe trench bottom portions. Specifically, in comparison to the planartype Schottky barrier diode of the same chip size, a larger current canbe made to flow, the forward voltage can be decreased, and the reverseleak current can be suppressed to a similar level.

Preferably, the plurality of trenches are formed in a stripe form.Besides this, a lattice shape, hole shapes positioned discretely in twodimensions, etc., are examples of shapes of the trenches. By forming thetrenches in stripe form, the trench interval and width can be controlledaccurately in a manufacturing process. Device characteristics canthereby be obtained readily as designed.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention shall now be described indetail with reference to the attached drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view, viewed from obliquely above, ofa Schottky barrier diode according to a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention, and for convenience of description, respectiveportions are broken away along different sectioning planes. FIG. 2 is aschematic sectional view, sectioned along a plane, of the Schottkybarrier diode shown in FIG. 1.

The Schottky barrier diode 1 according to the preferred embodiment ofthe present invention is formed, for example, to a chip form ofrectangular shape in plan view with the orientation in FIG. 1 being areference orientation. A length of each of the four sides of theSchottky barrier diode 1 in plan view is, for example, approximatelyseveral mm.

As show in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the Schottky barrier diode 1 includes asilicon substrate 2 of an n⁺ type (for example, with an n type impurityconcentration of 1×10¹⁸ to 1×10²¹ cm⁻³) A cathode electrode 3 is formedon a rear surface of the silicon substrate 2 so as to cover the entirerear surface. The cathode electrode 3 is made of a metal (for example,Au, nickel (Ni) silicide, cobalt (Co) silicide, etc.) that can be inohmic contact with the n type silicon.

An epitaxial layer 4 (semiconductor layer) of an n⁻ type (for example,with an n type impurity concentration of 1×10⁵ to 1×10¹⁷ cm⁻³) of lowerconcentration than the silicon substrate 2 is laminated on a top surfaceof the silicon substrate 2. A thickness of the epitaxial layer 4 is, forexample, 2 μm to 20 μm.

A field insulating film 5 made of silicon oxide (SiO₂) is laminated on asurface of the epitaxial layer 4. A thickness of the field insulatingfilm 5 is, for example, no less than 1000 Å and is preferably 7000 Å to40000 Å. The field insulating film 5 may instead be made of anotherinsulating substance, such as silicon nitride (SiN), etc.

An opening 6 (see FIG. 2) that exposes a central portion of theepitaxial layer 4 is formed in the field insulating film 5. In a toplayer portion of the central portion of the epitaxial layer 4, aplurality of trenches 7 are formed by digging in from the top surface ofthe epitaxial layer 4. Each trench 7 is a longitudinal groove thatextends along a predetermined direction. A bottom surface of each trench7 is a flat surface parallel to the top surface of the epitaxial layer4. Each trench 7 thus has a cross section of substantially rectangularshape. In the present preferred embodiment, seven trenches 7 extend inparallel at predetermined intervals. The trenches 7 are thus formed to astripe form in plan view (see FIG. 1). For example, a pair of side wallsurfaces of each trench 7 may be substantially parallel to a directionof a normal to the top surface of the epitaxial layer 4 (thicknessdirection of the epitaxial layer 4). In this case, a surface area of thecentral portion of the epitaxial layer 4 is increased by an amountcorresponding to the side wall surfaces of the trenches 7 in comparisonto a case where the trenches 7 are not formed.

At the top layer portion of the epitaxial layer 4, a mesa portion 8 isformed at each portion sandwiched by adjacent trenches 7. In the casewhere each trench 7 has a substantially rectangular cross section, eachmesa portion 8 has a substantially rectangular cross sectionaccordingly. Each mesa portion 8 has a pair of sidewall surfaces(sidewall surfaces of the trench 7), which, for example, risesubstantially perpendicularly from respective edges at one side of thebottom surfaces of the pair of adjacent trenches 7 and an upper surface(top surface of the epitaxial layer 4) joining together the pair of sidewall surfaces.

An anode electrode 9 is formed on the epitaxial layer 4. The anodeelectrode 9 fills an interior of the opening 6 of the field insulatingfilm 5 and projects outside the opening 6 so as to cover a peripheralportion 10 of the opening 6 in the field insulating film 5. That is,over its entire periphery, the peripheral portion 10 of the fieldinsulating film 5 is sandwiched from above and below by the epitaxiallayer 4 and the anode electrode 9. A projection amount X by which theanode electrode 9, covering the peripheral portion 10 of the fieldinsulating film 5, projects from an edge of the opening 6 of the fieldinsulating film 5 is, for example, no less than 10 μm and is preferably10 μm to 100 μm.

The anode electrode 9 has a multilayer structure (a two-layer structurein the present preferred embodiment) that includes a Schottky metal 11joined to the epitaxial layer 4 inside the opening 6 of the fieldinsulating film 5 and a contact metal 12 laminated on the Schottky metal11.

The Schottky metal 11 is made of a metal (for example, titanium (Ti) ormolybdenum (Mo) or palladium (Pd), etc.) that forms a Schottky junctionby junction with the n type silicon. In the present preferredembodiment, Ti is used. The Schottky metal 11 is formed so as to contactthe surface of the epitaxial layer 4 including the inner surfaces(bottom surfaces and pairs of side wall surfaces) of the trenches 7. TheSchottky metal 11 thus contacts the surface of the epitaxial layer 4 atthe inner surfaces of all of the trenches 7 and outside the trenches 7.Also, the Schottky metal 11 covers the entireties of the inner surfacesof the trenches 7 and extends continuously outside the trenches 7. TheSchottky metal 11 is thus joined to the surface of the epitaxial layer 4exposed from the opening 6 so as to cover the entirety of the surface.In the present preferred embodiment, the Schottky metal 11 includesbottom surface portions 11 a in contact with the bottom surfaces of thetrenches 7, side surfaces portions 11 b in contact with the side wallsurfaces of the trenches 7 (side wall surfaces of the mesa portions 8),and upper surface portions 11 c in contact with upper surfaces of themesa portions 8.

In this case, a junction surface (Schottky junction surface) S of theSchottky metal 11 and the surface of the epitaxial layer 4 is formed tohave an uneven cross section in the region inside the opening 6 asindicated by thick lines as shown in FIG. 2. An area of the Schottkyjunction surface S is thus greater than an apparent area of theepitaxial layer 4 in plan view when the top surface of the epitaxiallayer 4 (portion extending in a horizontal direction in FIG. 2) isviewed downward along the direction of the normal thereto. Morespecifically, the Schottky junction surface S includes bottom surfaceportions S1 in contact with the bottom surfaces of the trenches 7, sidesurfaces portions S2 in contact with the side wall surfaces of thetrenches 7 (side wall surfaces of the mesa portions 8), and uppersurface portions S3 in contact with the upper surfaces of the mesaportions 8. In the case where the trenches have substantiallyrectangular cross sections, the Schottky junction surface S can be madelarger by an amount corresponding to the side surface portions S2 incomparison to the case where the trenches 7 are not formed.

The Schottky metal 11 joined to the epitaxial layer 4 forms a Schottkybarrier (potential barrier) of, for example, 0.52 eV to 0.9 eV withrespect to the silicon semiconductor making up the epitaxial layer 4.Also, a thickness of the Schottky metal 11 in the present preferredembodiment is, for example, 0.02 μm to 0.2 μm.

The contact metal 12 is a portion of the anode electrode 9 that isexposed at a topmost surface of the Schottky barrier diode 1 and is theportion to which bonding wires, etc., are joined. The contact metal 12is made, for example, of aluminum (Al). In the present preferredembodiment, a thickness of the contact metal 12 is greater than that ofthe Schottky metal 11 and is, for example, 0.5 μm to 5 μm. The contactmetal 12 is embedded in the respective trenches 7 so as to contact theSchottky metal 11 covering the inner surfaces of the respective trenches7. That is, the contact metal 12 contacts the respective bottom surfaceportions 11 a, the pairs of side surface portions 11 b, and the uppersurface portions 11 c of the Schottky metal 11. The contact metal 12 isthus formed to have an uneven cross section at the side at which itcontacts the Schottky metal 11 in the respective trenches 7. Atopsurface of the contact metal 12 at the opposite side of the side incontact with the Schottky metal 11 is flat and parallel to the topsurface (excluding the inner surfaces of the trenches 7) of theepitaxial layer 4.

In a case where the Schottky metal 11 is made of Ti, a titanium nitride(TiN) layer 30 may be interposed between the Schottky metal 11 and thecontact metal 12 made of Al as shown in FIG. 2A. The TiN layer 30adheres together the Ti of the Schottky metal 11 and the Al of thecontact metal 12, secures conductivity between Ti and Al, and furtherfunctions as a barrier layer that suppresses mutual diffusion of Ti andAl. Such a barrier layer protects the Schottky junction surface S bysuppressing or preventing the diffusion of the material of the contactmetal 12 to the Schottky metal 11.

A top surface protection film (not shown) may be formed on a topmostsurface of the Schottky barrier diode 1. In this case, an opening thatexposes the contact metal 12 is formed in a central portion of the topsurface protection film. External connection members, such as bondingwires, are joined to the contact metal 12 through this opening.

A guard ring 13 made of a p type diffusion layer is formed in a toplayer portion of the epitaxial layer 4 so as to contact the Schottkymetal 11. The guard ring 13 is formed along an outline of the opening 6of the field insulating film 5 so as to span across the interior and theexterior of the opening 6 in plan view. The guard ring 13 thus includesan inner side portion 15 projecting to the inner side of the opening 6and contacting an outer edge portion 14 that is a terminal portion ofthe Schottky metal 11 inside the opening 6, and an outer side portion 16projecting to the outer side of the opening 6 and opposing the anodeelectrode 9 (the Schottky metal 11 on the peripheral portion 10) acrossthe peripheral portion 10 of the field insulating film 5. The guard ring13 has a depth from the top surface of the epitaxial layer 4 of, forexample, 0.5 μm to 8 μm.

The guard ring 13 formed across the interior and the exterior of theopening 6 covers a boundary portion of the peripheral portion 10 of thefield insulating film 5 and the Schottky metal 11 from the epitaxiallayer 4 side. If the guard ring 13 is not present, an electric field mayconcentrate at the boundary portion when a reverse bias is applied tothe Schottky barrier diode 1 and a leak may occur readily. With thestructure of the present preferred embodiment, the guard ring 13 coversthe boundary portion and thus the concentration of electric field can bealleviated by a depletion layer that spreads from the guard ring 13 whena reverse bias is applied and a leak can be suppressed accordingly.Breakdown voltage of the Schottky barrier diode 1 is thereby improved.

To manufacture the Schottky barrier diode 1, first the epitaxial layer 4made of the n type silicon is grown on the n⁺ type silicon substrate 2.Here, for example, P or As may be used as the n type impurity.

The trenches 7 are then formed by anisotropic etching using anunillustrated resist pattern as a mask. The resist pattern has, forexample, a stripe-like opening pattern in a region positioned at theopening 6 in the epitaxial layer 4. Inside the opening pattern, thetrenches 7 are formed by selective digging from the top surface of theepitaxial layer 4.

Selective ion implantation of a p type impurity (for example, B) is thenperformed on a region of the top layer portion of the epitaxial layer 4outside the region in which the trenches 7 have been formed. Then, byperforming an annealing process, the p-type impurity is activated andthe guard ring 13 made of the p type diffusion layer is thereby formedin the epitaxial layer 4.

The field insulating film 5 made of SiO₂ is then formed on the epitaxiallayer 4.

The field insulating film 5 is then etched using an unillustrated resistpattern as a mask to form the opening 6 that exposes the central portionof the epitaxial layer 4 and a portion of the guard ring 13.

Ti is then deposited on the surfaces of the epitaxial layer 4 and thefield insulating film 5 by a sputtering method to form a Ti layer. TheTi layer is patterned by photolithography to form the Schottky metal 11.The Schottky metal 11 is formed so as to contact the guard ring 13 andcover the entirety of the surface of the epitaxial layer 4 (includingthe inner surfaces of the respective trenches 7) inside the opening 6.

Al is then deposited onto the Schottky metal 11 by a sputtering method,and the resulting Al layer is patterned by photolithography to form thecontact metal 12.

The cathode electrode 3 is then formed on the rear surface of thesilicon substrate 2 by the sputtering method.

The Schottky barrier diode 1 is completed by the above.

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are schematic sectional views of principal portionsof the Schottky barrier diode.

The trenches 7 of substantially rectangular cross sections that areformed in the stripe form are defined by a depth D, a width W, and apitch P. The depth D is a distance from the top surface of the epitaxiallayer 4 to the bottom surface of each trench 7 in the direction of thenormal to the top surface (topmost surface) of the epitaxial layer 4.The width W is an opposing interval of the pair of opposing side wallsurfaces of each trench 7. Specifically, the opposing interval is adistance between the pair of side wall surfaces in a direction ofalignment of the trenches 7 (the direction orthogonal to a longitudinaldirection of each trench 7 and parallel to a principal surface of theepitaxial layer 4). The pitch P is an interval between centers ofadjacent trenches 7. The pitch P is a distance between centers of thetrenches 7.

Schottky barrier diodes according to Comparative Examples shall now bedescribed. As Schottky barrier diodes according to Comparative Examples,a planar type diode 21 (Comparative Example 1), a trench MOS type diode31 (Comparative Example 2), and a trench diffusion type diode 41(Comparative Example 3) shall be described.

FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B are schematic sectional views of principal portionsof the planar type diode according to the Comparative Example 1. FIGS.5A and 5B are schematic sectional views of principal portions of thetrench MOS type diode according to the Comparative Example 2. FIG. 6Aand FIG. 6B are schematic sectional views of principal portions of thetrench diffusion type diode according to the Comparative Example 3.

In the Comparative Examples 1 to 3, portions corresponding to theportions described with the Schottky barrier diode 1 described aboveshall be provided with the same reference symbols and descriptionthereof shall be omitted.

In the planar type diode 21 shown in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B, recessedportions, such as trenches 7, are not formed in a portion exposed fromthe opening 6 (see FIG. 2) in the surface of the epitaxial layer 4 andthis portion is flat over its entirety. The Schottky metal 11 is formedto cover the surface of such a flat epitaxial layer 4. In this case, theapparent area of the epitaxial layer 4 in plan view and the area of theSchottky junction surface S indicated by the thick lines are practicallyequal.

In the trench MOS type diode 31 shown in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, trenches32 are formed at intervals in the top layer portion of the epitaxiallayer 4. An oxide film 33 is formed on an inner wall of each trench 32,and a polysilicon 34 is embedded in the trench 32 so as to contact theoxide film 33. The Schottky metal 11 is formed so as to contact thepolysilicon 34 and the top surface of the epitaxial layer 4 outside thetrenches 32. In this case, the Schottky junction surface S is a portionof the top surface of the epitaxial layer 4 outside the trenches 32 asindicated by the thick lines. The area of the Schottky junction surfaceS is thus less than the apparent area of the epitaxial layer 4 in planview.

In the trench diffusion type diode 41 shown in FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B,columnar impurity diffusion layers 42 are formed at intervals in the toplayer portion of the epitaxial layer 4 and the Schottky metal 11 isformed on the top surface of the epitaxial layer 4. In this case, aninterface of each impurity diffusion layer 42 and the epitaxial layer 4is a pn junction. The Schottky junction surface S is the portion of thetop surface of the epitaxial layer 4 outside the impurity diffusionlayers 42. The area of the Schottky junction surface S is thus less thanthe apparent area of the epitaxial layer 4 in plan view.

Here, it shall be supposed that the apparent areas of the epitaxiallayers 4 in plan view of the Schottky barrier diode 1 according to thepreferred embodiment of the present invention and the diodes accordingto the Comparative Examples 1 to 3 are equal. In this case, the area ofthe Schottky junction surface S is greatest in the Schottky barrierdiode 1 according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.The area of the Schottky junction surface S of the planar type diode 21(Comparative Example 1) is greater than the area of the Schottkyjunction surface S of each of the trench MOS type diode 31 (ComparativeExample 2) and the trench diffusion type diode 41 (Comparative Example3).

Operation principles of the respective diodes when a bias is applied inthe forward direction or the reverse direction across the anode andcathode shall now be described. As an example, the forward bias is 0.5Vand the reverse bias is 30V. Each of the open arrows illustrated in eachof FIG. 3A to FIG. 6B indicates the flow of current when a bias isapplied.

A state where a forward bias is applied to the Schottky barrier diode 1according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention isschematically shown in FIG. 3A. In the Schottky junction surface S ofuneven cross section, a current flows in the forward direction towardsthe cathode electrode 3 respectively from the top surface of theepitaxial layer 4 (the surface excluding the inner surfaces of thetrenches 7) and the side wall surfaces (inner surfaces besides thebottom surface) and the bottom surface of each trench 7.

When a forward bias is applied to the planar type diode 21, a currentflows from the flat Schottky junction surface S toward the cathodeelectrode 3 as shown in FIG. 4A. With the Schottky barrier diode 1according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the areaof the Schottky junction surface S is greater than in the planar typediode 21 and thus a large current can be made to flow in the forwarddirection (see FIG. 3A). Also, with the Schottky barrier diode 1, theforward voltage can be lowered in accordance with the large area of theSchottky junction surface S.

When a forward bias is applied to the trench MOS type diode 31, acurrent flows in the forward direction from the Schottky junctionsurface S formed outside the trenches 32 toward the cathode electrode 3as shown in FIG. 5A. In the trench MOS type diode 31, the area of theSchottky junction surface S is smaller than in the planar type diode 21and thus the amount of current that can be made to flow forward is low.

When a forward bias is applied to the trench diffusion type diode 41, acurrent flows in the forward direction from the Schottky junctionsurface S formed outside the impurity diffusion layers 42 toward thecathode electrode 3 as shown in FIG. 6A. In the trench diffusion typediode 41, the area of the Schottky junction surface S is smaller than inthe planar type diode 21 and thus the amount of current that can be madeto flow forward is low. Unlike in the trench MOS type diode 31, a smallamount of current flows toward the cathode electrode 3 from the bottomsurfaces of the impurity diffusion layers 42 in the trench diffusiontype diode 41.

Cases of applying a reverse bias to the respective diodes shall now bedescribed.

As shown in FIG. 3B, FIG. 4B, FIG. 5B, and FIG. 6B, in each diode, adepletion layer 50 spreads from the Schottky junction surface S into thetop layer portion of the epitaxial layer 4. A boundary of the depletionlayer 50 is indicated by broken lines.

In the case of the Schottky barrier diode 1 according to the preferredembodiment of the present invention, the depletion layer 50 spreads inan uneven form from the Schottky junction surface S in accordance withthe Schottky junction surface S of uneven form as shown in FIG. 3B. Thedepletion layer 50 is thick at the mesa portions 8 between the trenches7 and thin near the bottom portions of the trenches 7. In the example ofFIG. 3B, the depletion layer 50 of each mesa portion 8 stays within aregion inside the mesa portion 8 and hardly influences the depletionlayer 50 near the bottom portions of the trenches 7. If a leak currentarises when a reverse bias is applied, the leak current will flow to theanode electrode 9 side through the thin depletion layer 50 near thebottom portion of each trench 7. That is, the leak currentcharacteristics are dependent on the thickness of the depletion layer 50near the bottom portions of the trenches 7. The thickness of thedepletion layer 50 in the bottom portion of the trench 7 can be adjustedby varying the dimensions (the width W, depth D, and pitch P) of thetrenches 7. Leak current characteristics of the same level as those ofthe planar type diode 21 to be described next can thereby be realized.

In the case of the planar type diode 21, the depletion layer 50 runsparallel to the flat Schottky junction surface S and its thickness issubstantially uniform as shown in FIG. 4B. Thus, if a leak currentarises when a reverse bias is applied, the leak current flows to theanode electrode 9 side by passing through the entirety of the depletionlayer 50 substantially uniformly.

In the case of the trench MOS type diode 31, the depletion layer 50spreads from each trench 32 and surrounds each trench 32 as shown inFIG. 5B. Thus, if a leak current arises when a reverse bias is applied,the leak current flows to the anode electrode 9 side by passing throughconstricted regions between the depletion layers 50 spreading fromadjacent trenches 32.

In the case of the trench diffusion type diode 41, the depletion layer50 spreads from each impurity diffusion layer 42 and surrounds eachimpurity diffusion layer 42 as shown in FIG. 6B. Thus, if a leak currentarises when a reverse bias is applied, the leak current flows to theanode electrode 9 side by passing through constricted regions betweenthe depletion layers 50 spreading from adjacent impurity diffusionlayers 42.

In the trench MOS type diode 31 and the trench diffusion type diode 41,a current path during reverse biasing is constricted by the depletionlayers 50 spreading from adjacent trenches 32 or the depletion layers 50spreading from adjacent impurity diffusion layers 42. The leak currentcan thus be lessened.

As described above, with the Schottky barrier diode 1 according to thepreferred embodiment of the present invention, a larger forward current(lower forward voltage) can be realized in comparison to any of theplanar type diode 21, the trench MOS type diode 31, and the trenchdiffusion type diode 41 and yet reverse characteristics (leak currentcharacteristics) of the same level as those of the planar type diode 21can be realized.

FIG. 7A is a schematic sectional view of principal portions of theSchottky barrier diode shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 7B shows a structure wherethe trench width W in FIG. 7A is increased. FIG. 7C shows a structurewhere the trench interval (pitch P) in FIG. 7A is widened. FIG. 7D showsa structure where the trench interval in FIG. 7A is narrowed.

With the dimensions of the trenches 7 in FIG. 7A as bases, just thewidth W is increased with the depth D and the pitch P being fixed asshown in FIG. 7B. A proportion of the thin depletion layer 50 near thebottom portions of the trenches 7 with respect to the entirety of thedepletion layer 50 is thereby made high. In this case, the area of thebottom surface of each trench 7 is large and thus a larger current canbe made to flow or the forward voltage can be decreased during forwardbiasing. However, if the width W is too large, the leak current duringreverse biasing may be high.

Next, with the dimensions of the trenches 7 in FIG. 7A as bases, justthe width of each mesa portion 8 is increased with the depth D and thewidth W being fixed as shown in FIG. 7C. In this case, the depletionlayer 50 thins at each mesa portion 8. Thus, during reverse biasing, aleak current may flow not just near the bottom portions of the trenches7 but also in the respective mesa portions 8, and the leak current maythus increase in comparison to the case of FIG. 7A.

With the dimensions of the trenches 7 in FIG. 7A as bases, just thewidth of each mesa portion 8 is decreased with the depth D and the widthW being fixed as shown in FIG. 7D. The depletion layer 50 at each mesaportion 8 then fills a region inside the mesa portion 8 and spreads to aregion at the cathode electrode 3 side beyond the mesa portion 8. Thedepletion layer 50 at the mesa portions 8 thereby influences thedepletion layer 50 near the bottom portions of the trenches 7. That is,the depletion layer 50 thickens near the bottom portions of the trenches7. The leak current during reverse biasing is thus lessened due to beingimpeded by the depletion layer 50 near the bottom portions of thetrenches 7.

Also, in FIG. 7D, the number of trenches 7 is increased by decreasingjust the width of the mesa portions 8 and keeping the width W fixed, andthus the total of the bottom areas of the trenches 7 can be increased asin the case of widening the width W of the trenches 7. A larger currentcan thereby be made to flow and the forward voltage can be decreasedfurther during forward biasing.

That is, by decreasing the width of the mesa portions 8 with the depth Dand the width W being at optimal values, the leak current during reversebiasing can be reduced while making a large current flow and decreasingthe forward voltage during forward biasing.

Specifically, in this case, the width of each mesa portion 8 ispreferably 0.2 μm to 1.0 μm. The depth D is preferably 0.1 μm to 1.0 μmand more preferably 0.5 μm to 0.66 μm. The ratio of the width of eachmesa portion 8 with respect to the depth D (the value obtained bydividing the width of each mesa portion 8 by the depth D) is preferablyin a range of no less than 0.2 (=0.2/1.0) and no more than 10 (=1.0/0.1)and more preferably in a range of no less than 0.33 (=0.2/0.6) and nomore than 2 (=1.0/0.5). Also, the width W is preferably approximately0.5 μm.

As described above, with the Schottky barrier diode 1, the plurality oftrenches 7 are formed in the top layer portion of the epitaxial layer 4,and the Schottky metal 11 contacts the surface of the epitaxial layer 4including the inner surfaces of the trenches 7. The area of the Schottkyjunction surface S can thus be made greater than the apparent area ofthe surface of the epitaxial layer 4 in plan view when the top surfaceof the epitaxial layer 4 is viewed downward along the direction of thenormal thereto. That is, the Schottky junction surface S can be formedon the inner surfaces of the trenches 7 and the top surface of theepitaxial layer 4 outside the trenches 7 (the top surfaces of the mesaportions 8). The total of these areas is greater than the apparent areaof the epitaxial layer 4 in plan view. The Schottky barrier diode 1having the large Schottky junction surface S even with a small chip sizeis thereby realized. Consequently, the Schottky barrier diode 1 of largerated current or the Schottky barrier diode 1 of low forward voltage canbe realized with a compact chip size.

Also, the depletion layer 50 spreading from the Schottky junctionsurface S is thick near the mesa portions 8 formed between adjacenttrenches 7 and is thin near the bottom portions of the trenches 7. Thethick depletion layer 50 near the mesa portions 8 contributes to thereduction in the leak current during reverse bias application.

As shown in FIG. 7C, when the width of each mesa portion 8 between thetrenches 7 is wide, the depletion layer 50 at each mesa portions 8 stayswithin the region inside the mesa portion 8. In this case, the depletionlayer 50 is thin near the bottom portions of the trenches 7 and thus theleak current may be high near the bottom portions of the trenches 7during reverse biasing. Further, the reduction amount of the forwardvoltage is low because the increase in the area of the Schottky junctionsurface S is also low.

On the other hand, when the width of each mesa portion 8 between thetrenches 7 is narrow, the depletion layer 50 at the mesa portions 8spreads to regions outside the mesa portions 8 and the depletion layer50 thus thickens near the bottom portions of the trenches 7 as shown inFIG. 7D. Although the leak current during reverse biasing can thereby bereduced, the serial resistance of the mesa portions 8 increases andeffects of current increase and forward voltage reduction are thusdecreased. Thus, by setting the width of each mesa portion 8 in therange of 0.2 μm to 1.0 μm, the depletion layer 50 can be made to have athickness of appropriate value near the bottom portions of the trenches7. Specifically, in comparison to the planar type (Schottky barrier)diode 21 (see FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B) of the same chip size, a largercurrent can be made to flow, the forward voltage can be decreased, andthe reverse leak current can be suppressed to a similar level. Also, ineach trench 7, current flows not only from the bottom surface but alsofrom vicinities of bottom portions of the inner surfaces besides thebottom surface, and thus, by securing the inner surfaces to be as largeas possible, a greater current can be made to flow to decrease theforward voltage. For this purpose, the pitch P between trenches 7 ismade narrow to increase the number of the trenches 7.

Also, when the trenches 7 are deep, the depletion layer 50 at the mesaportions 8 do not readily fill the mesa portions 8 and thus thedepletion layer 50 thins at the bottom portions of the trenches 7. Whenthe trenches 7 are shallow, the depletion layer 50 at the mesa portions8 readily fill the mesa portions 8 and spread to regions outside themesa portions 8 and thus the depletion layer 50 thickens at the bottomportions of the trenches 7. Thus, by setting the depth D of the trenches7 in the range of 0.1 μm to 1.0 μm, the depletion layer 50 can be madeto have a thickness of appropriate value near the bottom portions of thetrenches 7. Specifically, in comparison to the planar type diode 21 (seeFIG. 4A and FIG. 4B) of the same chip size, a larger current can be madeto flow, the forward voltage can be decreased, and the reverse leakcurrent can be suppressed to a similar level.

Also, in the present preferred embodiment, the plurality of trenches 7are formed in a stripe form (see FIG. 1). When the trenches 7 are formedin the stripe form, the pitch P and the width W of the trenches 7 (seeFIG. 3A) can be controlled accurately in the manufacturing process.Device characteristics can thereby be obtained readily as designed.

FIG. 8A to FIG. 8F are schematic perspective views of Schottky barrierdiodes according to first to sixth modification examples and each showsa portion of the arrangement in a broken-away manner. As in FIG. 1, thesectioning planes of the respective portions are shifted for convenienceof description in FIG. 8A to FIG. 8F.

In FIG. 8A, the trenches 7 are formed along two orthogonal directions.That is, the trenches 7 are formed to take a lattice form in plan view.In this case, the total area of the inner surfaces of the trenches 7formed in the top layer portion of the epitaxial layer 4 increases andthus the area of the Schottky junction surface S can be increasedfurther.

In FIG. 8B, the cross section of each of the trenches 7 formed in stripeform is formed to a substantially inverted triangular shape that narrowstoward the bottom. The area of the Schottky junction surface S is madegreater than the apparent area of the epitaxial layer 4 in plan viewwith this arrangement as well.

In FIG. 8C, the cross section of each of the trenches 7 formed in stripeform is formed to a semicircular shape that is arcuately recessed towardthe bottom. The area of the Schottky junction surface S is made greaterthan the apparent area of the epitaxial layer 4 in plan view with thisarrangement as well. Further, the arrangement of FIG. 8C may be modifiedin accordance with the arrangement of FIG. 8A to form the trenches 7 ofarcuate cross section in lattice form.

In FIG. 8D, the trenches 7 having the substantially inverted triangularcross section are formed to take a lattice form in plan view. Adjacenttrenches 7 are continuous. The area of the Schottky junction surface Sis made greater than the apparent area of the epitaxial layer 4 in planview with this arrangement as well. The trenches 7 having thesubstantially inverted triangular cross section may also be formed inlattice form at lateral and longitudinal intervals.

In FIG. 8E, the trenches 7 of partial-spherical forms are formed so asto be continuous laterally and longitudinally. The area of the Schottkyjunction surface S is made greater than the apparent area of theepitaxial layer 4 in plan view with this arrangement as well.

In FIG. 8F, the plurality of trenches 7 that are recessed substantiallysemispherically from the top surface of the epitaxial layer 4 are formedat predetermined intervals in the top surface of the epitaxial layer 4.The trenches 7 shown in FIG. 8F are formed to hole shapes positioneddiscretely in two dimensions. The area of the Schottky junction surfaceS is made greater than the apparent area of the epitaxial layer 4 inplan view with this arrangement as well.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been describedin detail above, these are merely specific examples for clarifying thetechnical contents of the present invention, the present inventionshould not be interpreted as being restricted to the specific examples,and the scope of the present invention is to be restricted solely by theattached claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A Schottky barrier diode comprising: a firstsemiconductor layer having depressions on a top surface thereof, andhaving a guard ring extending from the top surface to an inner positionof the first semiconductor layer, the guard ring including portionsarranged with the depressions interposed therebetween when viewed in adirection perpendicular to the top surface; an insulation layer havingportions arranged with the depressions interposed therebetween whenviewed in the perpendicular direction; a first metal layer extending asbridging inside and outside of the depressions and the insulation layer,the first metal layer having a first end on the insulation layer; and asecond metal layer formed on the first metal layer and having a secondend on the insulation layer, the second end being flush with the firstend.
 2. The Schottky barrier diode according to claim 1, wherein a crosssection of each of the depressions has a shape curving from the topsurface to a bottom of the depression, and a cross section of the guardring has a shape curving from the top surface to a bottom of the guardring.
 3. The Schottky barrier diode according to claim 1, furthercomprising a second semiconductor layer that is in contact with a bottomsurface of the first semiconductor layer.
 4. The Schottky barrier diodeaccording to claim 1, further comprising a third metal layer arranged ona bottom surface side of the first semiconductor layer.
 5. The Schottkybarrier diode according to claim 1, wherein each of the depressionsextends in straight line shape, and the depressions are arranged inparallel with one another.
 6. The Schottky barrier diode according toclaim 1, wherein the insulation layer extends from a top surface of theguard ring to a position above the first semiconductor layer on a sideof the guard ring opposite the depressions.
 7. The Schottky barrierdiode according to claim 1, wherein the insulation layer has a first endportion arranged on a top surface of the guard ring.
 8. The Schottkybarrier diode according to claim 1, wherein a distance from thedepressions to the first end of the first metal layer is longer than adistance from the depressions to an end of the guard ring opposite thedepressions when viewed in the perpendicular direction.
 9. The Schottkybarrier diode according to claim 1, wherein a distance from thedepressions to the second end of the second metal layer is longer than adistance from the depressions to an end of the guard ring opposite thedepressions when viewed in the perpendicular direction.
 10. The Schottkybarrier diode according to claim 1, wherein the first end of the firstmetal layer is arranged above a region of the first semiconductor layeracross the guard ring from the depressions when viewed in theperpendicular direction.
 11. The Schottky barrier diode according toclaim 1, wherein the second end of the second metal layer is arrangedabove a region of the first semiconductor layer across the guard ringfrom the depressions when viewed in the perpendicular direction.
 12. TheSchottky barrier diode according to claim 1, wherein each of thedepressions has a side face and a bottom face, and a width of the topsurface of the first semiconductor layer between an adjacent pair of theside faces of an adjacent pair of the depressions is longer than alength of the side face in the perpendicular direction.
 13. The Schottkybarrier diode according to claim 1, wherein: each of the depressions hasa side face and a bottom face, and a depletion layer is formed in thefirst semiconductor layer between an adjacent pair of the depressionswhen a reverse bias is applied to the Schottky barrier diode, thedepletion layer being present between the top surface of the firstsemiconductor layer and the bottom face of the depression.
 14. TheSchottky barrier diode according to claim 1, wherein: each of thedepressions has a side face and a bottom face, and a depletion layer isformed in the first semiconductor layer between an adjacent pair of thedepressions when a reverse bias is applied to the Schottky barrierdiode, the depletion layer being partly present between the top surfaceof the first semiconductor layer and a bottom of the depression, aregion free from the depletion layer being present in the firstsemiconductor layer between the adjacent pair of the depressions andbetween the top surface of the first semiconductor layer and the bottomface of the depression.
 15. The Schottky barrier diode according toclaim 1, wherein: each of the depressions has a side face and a bottomface, and a depletion layer is formed in the first semiconductor layerbetween an adjacent pair of the depressions and under bottoms of thedepressions when a reverse bias is applied to the Schottky barrierdiode, a portion of the depletion layer extending from the top surfacehaving a thickness in the perpendicular direction that is greater than athickness in the perpendicular direction of a portion of the depletionlayer extending from the bottoms of the depressions.